Which term refers to the social and cultural patterns associated with men and women?

The correct term that refers to the social and cultural patterns associated with men and women is gender. Gender encompasses the roles, behaviors, activities, expectations, and societal norms that cultures assign to individuals based on their perceived sex. This includes how society defines masculinity and femininity, which can vary significantly across different cultures and historical contexts.

In contrast, sex is a biological term that refers specifically to the physical and physiological differences between male and female bodies, such as reproductive organs and genetic differences. Sexual orientation relates to the pattern of emotional and sexual attraction an individual has towards others, and it does not inherently incorporate the social roles and expectations connected to being male or female. Gender identity refers to an individual's personal sense of their own gender, which may or may not align with the sex assigned at birth. While gender identity is important in understanding individual experiences, it does not encompass the broader social and cultural patterns associated with gender roles. Thus, "gender” is the most accurate term for the social and cultural patterns linked to men and women.